Self-Appointed Arbiters of Community Conduct: The White Caps

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by Kristine Schmucker, HCHM Curator

Part 2

 Click here for Part 1

“A few years ago on Easte 3 Street by the coal yard thair live a colord lady she had 2 little children & their was a white Man lives in thus city tride to forse Mrs. Harries the colored lady to lay with him. in the Mean time came in Bob Walace & the white Man let her alone. why is it you did not white cap him? Because he was white. those Boys did Not force those girls. -Black Caps” – Abe Weston, Evening Kansan Republican, 3 April 1896.

When Abe Weston questioned why the “White Caps” had not gone after the men who had assaulted Mrs. Harris, he was not expecting the impossible. The men in the White Cap organization had imposed their own type of justice on others in the community in the past.

Who Were the White Caps?

The White Caps was a group of self-appointed arbiters of community conduct, not necessarily concerned with race. They were concerned with preserving morality and maintaining social norms of the community. Both Black and white citizens were subject to their censure. The movement started in southern Indiana. It spread to other states and sometimes led to extreme violence. One of the most extreme incidents occurred in Sevier County, Tennesse where several people were murdered. In 1889, John S. Farmer described the White Caps as “a mysterious organization in Indiana” that was “trying to correct and purify society” where they felt the law was not adequately protecting citizens.

The organization’s name corresponded with its uniform. This description appeared in the Knoxville Sentinel, April 27, 1892: The White Caps scarcely ever ride horseback and wear coverings on their head similar to a hangman’s cap, also gowns or dusters reaching to, or below, their knees.

White Caps, 1889.

The Ominous Words ‘White Caps.’

In Harvey County, the organization was short-lived with only sporadic mentions in the newspapers over a 20-year time span, 1889-1909. The men involved were never named but at least twelve men participated.

At first, the “White Caps” were viewed as something of a joke by the editor of the Evening Kansan Republican. He was often dismissive of the group. Although a meeting was noted in the Evening Kansan Republican on December 29, 1888, subtle criticisms followed.

Evening Kansan Republican, 29 December 1888

Likely, they were planning for the New Year’s Day Parade. In the next issue of the paper the description included details about the parade.   The editor of the Evening Kansan Republican was not impressed with the White Caps and their contribution to the parade. He complained that “everything went along smoothly and without confusion . . . the only departure from this rule was in the case of the ‘White Caps’ who sailed around at the rate of one knot an hour in a covered wagon drawn by Frank Dickensheet’s prize oxen, and with the banners on the wagon bearing the ominous words ‘White Caps.’  (Evening Kansan Republican 2 January 1889)

Another clipping from the paper regarding the New Year’s Day parade.

Evening Kansan Republican,2 January 1889

A few years later, the editor of the Weekly Kansan Republican seemed annoyed by the group when he noted in a February 6, 1898 “that ‘white cap organization’ in this city is going the rounds. It is wonderful how familiar some people are with such things.”

The men of the group were serious about their duty of monitoring the morals and social activities of the community. In 1889, John Burns, a farmer living north of Sedgwick, caught their attention.

White Caps & John Burns – 1889

By February 1889, small notices appeared in the local newspapers making threats to those the White Caps felt were acting outside of the morals of the county. In the Evening Kansan Republican on February 8, 1889, a notice appeared from the Sedgwick White Caps. They explained that they had left a notice for Mr. Burns of Sedwick which stated:

John Burns: You are hereby notified to move off of this place inside of 3 days from this date. What you get tonight will be nothing compared to what you will get if we have to come back. We will hand you to the first tree we come to. – White Caps”

This followed the typical pattern of the group. The notifications would be sent to the offender as a warning. The notices always had “a regular skull and cross bones and red ink seal.” The note also stated that Burns’ daughter who was living at the house should leave “before that night as they would call on them.”  Burns’ son saw the note and for some reason did not share it with his father. He took his sister to visit a neighbor, leaving their father at home alone.

Alone in the farmhouse, Burns heard a number of men approaching. He blew out the lights and waited with an ax as his only weapon.  Later he reported; “The men came close to the house and after firing a large number of shots into it with revolvers left.” They also left a second notice written in red ink; “We will give you two days to leave and if at the end of that time we come and find you here, we will hang you to the nearest tree. – White Caps”

Burns reported the incident to Deputy Sheriff Groom, who investigated at once and promised to provide protection.  The editor pondered “what Mr. Burns has done to make himself offensive to the cowardly regulators.”  (Evening Kansan Republican 07 February 1889)

Apparently, Burns was ready for their next visit at which they “riddled his house with bullets” but nothing more. Perhaps they were scared off because Burns “had fifteen old army comrades with him and each armed with a rifle.” Burns insisted that he would remain in his house and that he was ready for the White Caps, which the newspaper editor noted, “will no doubt make it interesting for any that come to regulate him.”

What was the motivation for the White Caps to visit John Burns?

One of the activities that the White Caps frowned on was abusive behavior. From the pension records for John Burns, it is clear that he was abusive to his wife. The abuse was so bad that she often feared for her life and lived apart from him. In April 1902, he was declared insane and sent to the Asylum in Topeka, where he died a short time later on April 26, 1902.

Kansas, 1896

Walton White Caps

The youth of Walton caught the attention of the White Caps in 1892. The White Caps sent warnings to change their behavior. (Evening Kansan Republican, 16 January 1892) Nothing more could be found, presumably the young people changed their behavior.

The End of the White Caps

The group’s activities dwindled after 1896 and the incident with Abe Weston.

In 1909, there is one last mention in the Weekly Kansan.  It was reported that the two men run out of town by “so-styled White Caps” had returned. The men received a second warning from the group. Nothing more was reported in the paper.

For a short time, some in Harvey County resorted to a type of vigilante justice that had echoes of past groups like the KKK and perhaps foreshadowed the revival of the Klan in the 1920s in Harvey County.

 

For more on Abe Weston – “Not the Most Peaceful People on Earth” Abe Weston – Harvey County Historical Society

For John Burns’ story – “A Woman of Good Moral Character” John Burns Pension – Harvey County Historical Society

Sources

“Not the Most Peaceful People on Earth” Abe Weston

Posted on by hchm-curator

by Kristine Schmucker, Archivist/Curator

People of Harvey County

Abe Weston, Jr was a character that kept the police, courts and newspapers on their toes for several years in the late 1890s. He frequently appears in the Police Reports in the Newton Kansan for anything from a knife fight to drunk and disorderly. At one point the editor of the Newton Kansan dryly observed that Westons were “not the most peaceful people on earth.” (21 October 1897) In addition, his interaction with the “White Caps” help tell the story of a little-known organization in Harvey County.

Idlewild, Kentucky to Harvey County, Kansas

Abe Weston, Sr was born a slave, probably around 1819 in Kentucky.**** His final owner, and possibly only, was Col. Elijah Sebree. The plantation home of Col. Sebree still stands near Trenton, Ky. Built in 1830, the property is called Idlewild. Sebree was a prominent landowner, tobacco and cotton trader, coal mine owner and railroad builder.

In 1880, a group of thirty-one former slaves from Col Sebree’s planation came to Harvey County, Ks. Among them was Abe Weston, his wife Mariah, and children Frank (4), Stephen (8), John (17) Matilda (13) and Abe Jr (10). Abe Weston, Sr died in 1902 at the age of 83. In his obituary, there is no mention of his wife, only his five children. Not much more can be gleaned from the newspapers about him.

Abe Weston Jr was born in 1870 in Kentucky and came to Kansas with his family in 1880. At some point he married a woman named Florence who went by the nickname Flossie.

In 1888, Abe Weston, Jr begins to appear in various newspaper notices. In January 1888, Abe Weston, 18, was involved in organizing a baseball team along with O.L. Boyd, C. Colman, John Roston, Wm Richman, Chas Fox John McClain, A.J. Tandy, W.A. Brown and Mike Vance. (Newton Daily Republican 27 January 1888).

He was involved in a disturbance in 1888, when he was arrested and appeared before Judge Spooner. His fine was $7.50 and costs. (Newton Daily Republican, 19 October 1888) For five years all was quiet, however, in 1893, both he and his wife appeared in Police Court. Abe was convicted of disturbing the peace. He paid his fine of $5. Mrs. Abe Weston also appeared but her charges were “dismissed on account of the incompetency of the complaining witness.”  (Newton Daily Republican, 23 December 1893)

More Sinned Against than Sinning’

The Weston family often had squabbles among themselves that led to injury and an appearance in court. The October 21, 1897 Kansan reported difficulty between Abe and his wife Florence, brother Frank and Klan Rossiter ending in Florence being beaten. The next morning, Mrs. Florence Weston “swore out a warrant” for Abe’s arrest, along with Frank and Rossiter. Abe disappeared. Frank Weston and Rossiter appeared before Police Judge von der Heiden who “after gravely surveying the belligerents through his judicial specs, concluded that Flossie was more ‘sinned against than sinning’ and let her go.” He fined both Frank Weston and Rossiter $5 and costs. (Newton Kansan 21 October 1897)

At that time, the Newton Daily Republican described Abe Weston as “a colored citizen of Newton, ever ready to fight the first man who looks crossed-eyed at him.”  (Newton Kansan 21 October 1897)

Perhaps the gravest incident involved some “difficulty in the alley back of Murphy Bros restaurant . . . in which Weston cut (Nate) Rickman with a knife quite severely.” (Newton Kansan 24 December 1896) According to Weston’s statement at the preliminary hearing “Rickman had stayed with Mrs. Weston the night before and that he went around to talk to him about in a gentlemanly way.” According to Weston, Rickman started the fight. (Newton Daily Republican 17 December 1896)

According to Rickman, Weston called him out in the alley regarding Mrs. Weston. Rickman could not abide by the names Weston was calling him, so he struck Weston who then came at him with a knife. He then went after his gun and shot at Weston. Rickman pleaded guilty to assaulting Weston and paid the fines. Weston was sentenced to jail.

Abe Weston released from jail with several others on April 15, 1897 (Newton Kansan, 15 April 1897)“on the condition they behave themselves.”

“Knocked from the Top of a Moving Train”

One of the last times Abe Weston appears in the Newton papers is in February 1900. According to the newspaper, Weston suffered a serious train accident while on the job as a porter for the Santa Fe. Part of his job was to “climb to the top of the blind baggage car” to look for bums “who usually jump the train when it is well down in the yards going east.”  As train passed the 2nd street viaduct, “Weston, forgetful of the danger over head, sat in an upright position, and was knocked from the top of the moving train.”  He fell to the tracks resulting in a broken leg and “hurting himself about the head. . . the physicians in charge stated nothing serious would result.” (Evening Kansan Republican, 27 February 1900). After this accident, he must have moved from Newton. In his father’s 1901 obituary it lists his residence as Kansas City. Hopefully to lead a more peaceful life.

Perhaps the most interesting is that Abe Weston was quoted, verbatim, in the Evening Kansan Republican. In the fall of 1896, Weston was involved in some activities that caught the attention of a little-known group in Harvey County – the White Caps.

“We Will be Here Tonight!”

On April 4, 1896, Abe Weston issued a challenge to the White Caps in response to their warning to leave town.  He told the editor of the Newton Kansan to “say to them d–d white caps to come on. We will be here tonight.”

Weston then gave the reporter a notice from the “black caps” which the paper printed verbatim.

“A few years ago on Easte 3 Street by the coal yard thair live a colord lady she had 2 little children & their was a white Man lives in thus city tride to forse Mrs. Harries the colored lady to lay with him. in the Mean time came in Bob Walace & the white Man let her alone. why is it you did not white cap him? Because he was white. those Boys did Not force those girls. -Black Caps”

What was the reason for this challenge? At the end of January 1896, there was an incident that was upsetting to many in the Newton community. According to reports, for several weeks a group of young men “occupied” rooms in a building “within a stone’s throw of the Santa Fe station.” It was observed “that there were supposedly respectable white girls enamored with colored young men of the city; that these girls and young men had been in the habit of going together and that to all appearance were in love with one another.”  Everything came to a head one weekend when they held a “high carnival until the following Monday night. Refreshments were provided in abundance, including liquid beverages and after dinner cigarettes. It is to be presumed that the four couples let joy be unconfined and made the weekend ring with their hilarity.” 

This event came to the notice of people who were “appalled. . . Notices were accordingly drawn up in true White Cap style, signed in red ink, supposed to be blood, and profusely decorated with gruesome skulls and cross bones.” The four young men were warned that they would be tarred and feathered if they did not leave town. They did leave town.

As long as they stayed away, all would be well. The editor noted that the White Cap organization “has taken upon itself the purification of the town so far as these scandalous proceeding are concerned.” On April 3, 1896, two of the young men returned to Newton. The White Caps notified them “to seek other climes or take the consequences, which will probably be tar and feathers or a rope neck tie.” (Evening Kansan Republican 3 April 1896)

The next day, Abe Weston issued the challenge on behalf of the “black caps” that was printed in the paper.

Newton Daily Republican, 4 April 1896

From the newspapers nothing more was reported. On April 8 a small note appeared on the front page “it seems the White Cappers got scared by the Black Cappers and took the white feather.”  Noting more could be found about this incident.

Evening Kansan Republican, 8 April 1896

Abe Weston died in 1930 in Kansas City, MO. His occupation is listed as train porter.

Who Were the White Caps?

In his statement to the paper, Weston reminds people of an incident that happened a few years ago to a Black woman and wondered where the White Caps were then? He was right in asking the question.

Find out more about this group and their activities in Harvey County in our next post.

**Based on the 1880 U.S. Census his birth date would be 1832.

“Our Good Laundryman:” Harry Lum

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by Kristine Schmucker, HCHM Curator

Harry Lum, probable friend to all, but close to no one, was a man that lived on the edges of the Newton community, providing a much needed service as “our good laundry man” for close to 30 years. He also had the distinction of being Newton’s first, and for many years, only person from China.

In 1880, 26 year old Harry was a miner in Humboldt, California.  At the time, he was living in the household of Po Bar with a group of six other men, all from China. Harry must not have enjoyed mining as within three years he was living in Newton, Kansas. He married 22 year old Beckie Swader on May 29.

 

Chinese Laundry: Harry Lum, Prop.

Newton Daily Republican, 22 August 1888

In January 1884, the Lums opened a “new Chinese laundry” in Newton at their home at 116 W 4th. The Weekly Democrat noted that he “comes well recommended, and guarantees satisfaction.”

“Tired of ‘Wedded Bliss.”

Shortly after their marriage, the Lums began to have trouble. The Newton Daily Republican reported that “Harry Lum, the celestial who presides over the washee [sic] house on West Fifth street, has commenced suit for a divorce.” Rebecca “Beckie” Lum, described as a “lady of color,” was accused of “infidelity, abuse, gross neglect of wifely duties, frequent absences from home and finally abandonment” when she went to Sterling and had not returned “to his knowledge.”

By December 1886, the marriage was over and Lum put a notice in the Newton Daily Republican indicating that Beckie Lum had deserted him and “not to trust her on my account.”

Newton Daily Republican, 9 November 1886

A year later, Lum married Alice (or Alize) Plice. Alice, a colored woman born in Kentucky in 1853, was also divorced from her first husband, Abraham Taylor, of Sedgwick County.

The Newton Kansan described the marriage ceremony:

“Harry Lum, a Chinaman without a queue and Alice Plice, a colored woman with out bangs, were licensed to marry to-day.”

Newton Kansan, 1 December 1887

There are brief mentions of Harry in the late 1880s. On November 10, 1887, the Newton Kansan reported that a drunken soldier went to Lum’s laundry and “raised ‘peculia hellee’ to use the language of the excited Chinaman” [sic] when reporting the crime. He was also mentioned in the obituary of Mrs. Lucy Russell, who was “dearly loved and greatly respected by those of her race,” and the mother of his second wife Alice.

“Renounced Allegiance to Chinese Empire”

The Newton Daily Republican reported in February 1889 that Harry Lum “our good laundry man . . .who was born and reared in the Celestial Empire . . renounced allegiance to Chinese Empire” and became an American citizen. The editor noted that Mr. Lum “has always borne a good reputation and will not abuse the privilege this day conferred upon him.”

Even though Lum became a US citizen, he was still subject to the anti-immigration laws focused on the Chinese in the 1880s and 1890s. The Weekly Republican reported in the November 18, 1892 issue that “Revenue Collector McCanse . . . was here to secure a photograph of Harry Lum, our sole Chinese resident.” 

 In 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act  was enacted, however it was only valid for 10 years. The Geary Act in 1892  extended the exclusion of Chinese laborers for another decade. The Act required Chinese residents in the U.S. to carry special documentation—certificates of residence—from the Internal Revenue Service. Those who were caught not carrying the certificates were sentenced to hard labor and deportation, and bail was only an option if the accused were vouched for by a “credible white witness.”

An example of the required Certificate of Residence. Although this is not Harry Lum, it is an example of the document he would have carried.

In the spring of 1892, Harry suffered a painful accident. While ironing clothes for the Clark Hotel, two of his fingers got caught between the rollers causing a severe injury. The Evening Kansan noted “it will be some time before he is able to resume work.”

“All old scores are blotted out and friendships renewed”

A reporter from the Newton Daily Republican took some time in February 1894 to interview Lum about the Chinese New Year. During the holiday, “all old scores are blotted out and friendships renewed.”  According to Lum, “the Chinaman who does not forgive a fellow countryman during these two weeks is a black sheep and all other Chinamen turn their backs up on him.”  Lum noted that “like white men, many Chinamen get hilariously full on New Years and paint the town a bright crimson hue.”

Lum, however, celebrated the holiday like Christmas and had “dispensed with the insignia of all devout heathen . . . and follows the custom of his brother Kansans and is strictly temperate.”  The editor closed with this description of Lum; “he has an idea that it is a capital offense to drown one’s senses in Kansas bug juice and he will neither drink whisky nor hit the opium pipe.” (Newton Daily Republican, 6 February 1894)

“A Little Gambling”

 Lum apparently enjoyed  gambling.  The Wichita Star, August 1888, noted that Lum, “the christainized celestial from Newton was taking in the races to-day and betting his money allee samee like white man.” [sic]

Gambling also brought trouble to Harry. This was the case in August 1900, when Lum reported a robbery.

“Frank Weston, a gentleman of color, had procured a sum of money from him in a manner not prescribed by law. It seems there was a little gambling device operated in a shed back of the laundry.” At the end of the evening. Lum was counting his winnings when “Weston grabbed a handful of silver, alleged to be $20 and forthwith made his escape.” Weston was arrested. (Newton Kansan, 3 August 1900)

“Of Some Notoriety”

Harry’s wife, Mrs. Alice Lum, was more notorious in the Newton community.  In 1892, she was found guilty of keeping a bawdy house and fined $50. Fights at the Lums  were not uncommon. Abe Weston, also a Black man, was frequently involved.  On March 26, 1892, the Evening Kansan Republican reported that Mrs. Harry Lum had issued a complaint against Abe Weston, who was arrested for assault. In return, Weston reported that Mrs. Lum kept a bawdy house and as a result she was arrested.

In 1907, Lum’s was the site of a shooting. John Allen shot Frank Jordan, both Black men, in  the home of Lum. This gained statewide attention.

The Lum’s home was again the site of a drunken brawl in 1909 during which “Joe Rickman stuck his stiletto into Arthur Childs.”  The reporter observed that “it had to be said to the credit of Harry that he does not seem to have participated to any great extent, if at all.” (Evening Kansan Republican, March 11, 1909)

What happened to Harry Lum?

In 1902, Lum sold his Newton business to another Chinese man, Shung Lee, and worked at Peabody during the week and spent Sundays in Newton. This business arrangement apparently did not last long.  Shung Lee was not mentioned again and Lum returned to Newton to oversee the business.

Harry Lum’s exit from Newton seems to have passed without notice or comment. On December 28, 1910, Harry Lum and wife sold Lot 20, block 13, in Newton to Mary O. Grant for $1300. Shortly after that an announcement in the paper noted that Mrs. Harry Lum was moving to California, where she likely lived for the rest of her life.

Evening Kansan Republican, 23 May 1911.

A Mrs. Alice Lum died March 17, 1915, and was  buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Oakland, Alameda Co, CA.  She was 62. It is possible that this was Harry Lum’s wife.

Evergreen Cemetery
Oakland, Alameda County, California.
PLOT Garden of Serenity

Harry Lum, born in China in 1852 to Ward Lang Lum and Lara Lum, Newton’s “good laundry man, ” disappeared  from the record after 1910-1911. A notification of Harry Lum’s death, or a place of burial has not been found.